MIT Develops New Immunotherapy to Combat Various Cancer Types
Researchers at MIT and Stanford University have made significant strides in cancer treatment through innovative immunotherapy methods. Their groundbreaking approach aims to enhance the immune system’s ability to target and eliminate tumor cells. By addressing the mechanisms cancer cells use to evade immune responses, this research could expand treatment options for a variety of cancer types.
Innovative Immunotherapy Strategy
The recent developments involve reversing a suppression mechanism utilized by cancer cells. This mechanism, often linked to sugar molecules called glycans, allows tumors to escape immune detection. By employing lectins to block these glycans, researchers found a way to substantially improve immune responses against cancer.
Creating AbLecs
The researchers developed multifunctional molecules known as AbLecs. These molecules combine lectins with tumor-targeting antibodies, effectively reactivating immune defenses against malignancies. Jessica Stark, the lead author and a professor at MIT, emphasized the potential of blocking glycan-based immune checkpoints to create more effective cancer therapies.
Understanding Glycans and Immune Suppression
Glycans, which are prevalent on all cells, often take on forms that are specific to cancer cells. These glycans, particularly those containing sialic acid, engage receptors on immune cells known as Siglecs. This interaction dampens the immune response, similar to the mechanism of well-known checkpoint inhibitors that target PD-1 and PD-L1 proteins.
The Need for New Treatment Options
Despite the success of checkpoint inhibitors, many patients do not experience effective outcomes. With the aim of broadening the scope of immunotherapies, researchers are focusing on other immunosuppressive interactions, including those involving glycans. Currently, no therapies effectively target the Siglec-sialic acid interaction.
Modular Therapeutic Design
In their study, the team utilized the antibody trastuzumab, an approved treatment for breast and other cancers, to create their AbLecs. By substituting a section of this antibody with specific lectins, the researchers engineered a targeted approach that prompted immune cells to attack cancerous cells.
Preclinical Success
Tests conducted in a mouse model demonstrated that AbLecs reduced lung metastases more effectively than trastuzumab alone. Additionally, the flexible design of AbLecs allows for the incorporation of various antibodies, tailoring therapies to specific cancer types by addressing different antigens.
Future Directions
- Valora Therapeutics is focused on advancing AbLec candidates for clinical trials.
- Expected commencement of trials within two to three years.
- Research supported by various prestigious awards and grants.
This pioneering research represents a promising step forward in cancer immunotherapy, providing hope for improved outcomes across multiple cancer types through targeted immune activation.
