Kazakhstan Enhances Oversight of Archaeological Activities
Kazakhstan is taking significant steps to enhance oversight of archaeological activities through new legislation. The Senate has approved amendments aimed at better protecting the country’s historical and cultural heritage. This move addresses longstanding gaps in regulation and oversight within the archaeology sector.
Challenges in Archaeological Oversight
The archaeology sector in Kazakhstan has faced issues due to weak regulation and fragmented oversight. Syrym Yesen, a prominent archaeologist, highlighted the lack of a unified system and clear standards for archaeological work, particularly in construction zones. The previous licensing system allowed unlimited licenses, enabling private companies to issue fraudulent conclusions that led to the destruction of numerous historical sites.
- The old system had no checks on licensed specialists’ qualifications.
- Official records indicate approximately 70 excavations per year, while actual numbers may reach up to 300.
- Proposals for a categorized licensing system were not included in the final legislation.
Key Amendments to Licensing
The new legislative framework categorizes archaeological work into two main types: planned scientific excavations and preventive excavations. This system aims to align archaeological practices with ongoing infrastructure projects, ensuring cultural heritage preservation.
Licenses will now be issued separately for archaeological and restoration work, with a five-year validity. This change ensures regular reassessment of professional qualifications, moving away from the indefinite licensing previously in place.
Digital Oversight Initiatives
The proposed legislation includes the development of a unified digital system for recording excavations and artifact registration. This initiative, proposed back in 2019, aims to create transparent records of archaeological activities and improve oversight.
The National Archaeological Service is set to be established under the Margulan Archaeological Institute in Almaty. This service will:
- Monitor ongoing excavations.
- Conduct scientific reviews.
- Manage a centralized information system.
- Set priorities for future archaeological studies.
Combating Illegal Excavations
Illegal digging poses a growing threat to Kazakhstan’s cultural heritage. In areas surrounding Almaty, metal detectors are frequently used to unlawfully excavate burial mounds. Yesen pointed out that current fines for such activities are inadequate and do not serve as a deterrent.
The new law explicitly prohibits the use of metal detectors and other specialized equipment without proper licensing. This initiative aims to curb the smuggling of artifacts and strengthen the framework for archaeological protection.
Community Engagement in Heritage Protection
Experts emphasize that the protection of archaeological heritage requires a collective effort. Engaging local communities and fostering an appreciation for cultural monuments among youth is crucial. Arkhad Moldakhmet from Astana International University advocates a comprehensive approach to ensure the preservation of history while supporting cultural tourism.
The recently enacted legislation aims to streamline archaeological practices in Kazakhstan, improve post-excavation preservation, and centralize artifact storage. By establishing a State Heritage Fund and a National Depository, officials hope to enhance research quality and reduce illegal activities in the sector.
